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Figure 4. Examples of Coupled Mechanics in Haptic Systems. (A1-3) Haptic Interfaces across Large Areas of the skin optimized by the investigation of deformation and wave propagation of the actuator using the combination of 3D-DIC and PTV^[8]. Copyright©2022, Nature Publishing Group; (B1-3) Strain analyses of representative types of vibrotactile actuators on the phantom skin using 3D-DIC and Triangular Cosserat Point Element method^[28]. Copyright©2023, Elsevier. 3D: Three-dimensional; DIC: digital image correlation; PTV: particle tracking velocimetry.