fig5

Figure 5. Morphogenesis inspired morphing matter. (A) Differential growth in plants and their principles of morphogenesis. (i) Morphogenesis of long orchid petals and their corresponding basic mechanical configurations; (ii) Morphologies phase diagram as functions of n and β; (iii) Reproduction of the plant leaf morphogenesis through controlling the hydrogel polymerization process. Reproduced with permission from^[133]; Copyright 2018, National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A; (B) Design principles of the liquid crystal elastomer actuator. The actuator combines the morphogenesis of plant leaves and the motion of a ray during swimming and could generate autonomous wave motions under structured light. Reproduced with permission from^[134]; Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (C) Principles of the pneumatic morphing elastomers with air channels inside. (i) The anisotropic deformation of the elastomer under pneumatic actuation and the mold used to cast the elastomer plate with air channels; (ii) Two morphing states under pneumatic actuation; (iii) Morphogenesis of the Acetabularia alga from positive Gaussian curvature to negative Gaussian curvature shape due to the differential growth. Reproduced with permission from^[135]; Copyright 2019, Macmillan Publishers Limited; (D) Design and demonstration of inflatables. (i) Heating to seal the two inextensible sheets using a soldering iron. Through controlling the sealing path, various shapes could be achieved; (ii) Demonstration with a “waving man”. The sealing path is programmed to be the shape of a waving man; (iii) Demonstration with a “Hello”. The sealing path is programmed to be the contour of “Hello”. Reproduced with permission from^[136]; Copyright 2018, National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A; (E) Design guidelines and demonstration of discrete strain-limiting patches on inflatables. (i) The inverse-design pipeline; (ii) Demonstration of the design with a hyperbolic paraboloid surface; (iii) Grasping and lifting two baskets using a designed loop knot geometry. Reproduced with permission from^[137]; Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (F) The responsive surface by halftone gel lithography. (i) Schematic of the fabrication process; (ii) Programmed patterned sheets generate a saddle surface, a saddle surface with a defect, a cap surface, and a cone surface. Reproduced with permission from^[138]; Copyright 2012, AAAS.