fig11

Figure 11. (A) Schematic illustration of wipe-and-detection of the human tongue; (B) an image of the artificial tongue and schematic illustration of the astringency-sensing principle of the artificial tongue; and (C) application of five drops of 1 wt.% TA to the artificial tongue array (left panel) and two drops of 0.1 and 1 wt.% TA to the array (right panel), along with the corresponding taste mapping data^[124]. TA: Tannic acid.