fig13

Figure 13. (A) Scheme of a PMEG comprising a PSSA membrane and two gold electrodes. (B₁-B₃) The proposed mechanism of the PMEG. Up: The homogeneous distribution of the functional groups. Middle: Incoming moisture ionized the PSSA membrane and released the protons from the polymer chains. Down: The ionized protons migrated to the other side, leaving the negatively charged polymer chains. (C) V_oc detected on a PMEG (1 × 1 cm²) at constant moisture. (D) A mist-powered light system where each LED bulb was powered by six flexible PMEG units connected in series. (E) Schematic of a HMEG with a bilayer of polyelectrolyte films (BPF), which enabled spontaneous water adsorption and ion dissociation in moist air. Based on this heterogeneous structure, mobile Cl^- and H⁺ ions diffused in opposite directions. (F) Schematic of a large-scale integration of HMEG units by sequentially aligned stacking strategy and photographs of flexible HMEGs. (G) Plot of voltage output with different serial numbers of HMEG units. Inset is an enlargement of serial numbers ranging from 1 to 140. (H) Stable voltage signals of the integrated device with 10, 40, 70, 110, 150, 270, 560, 1,080, and 1,600 units in series. (A-F) Reprint with permission from Ref.^[90]. Copyright 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. (E-H) Reprint with permission from Ref.^[6]. Copyright 2021, The Author(s), Springer Nature.