fig4

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of three methods to obtain substrates with biaxial texture. (A) RABiTS route is to roll flexible Ni or Ni-based alloys to obtain ribbon-like materials and then obtain biaxially textured grains by secondary crystallization through annealing. Ni or Ni-based alloy substrates with biaxial texture become templates for epitaxial growth of buffer layers (e.g., RE₂O₃, CeO₂ and YSZ). (B) IBAD route uses ion beam-assisted techniques to obtain preferred orientation deposited films. Furthermore, biaxially textured oxide buffer layers, such as MgO, are grown on polycrystalline metal substrates, such as stainless steel. (C) ISD route is quite similar to IBAD route. The method of tilting the substrate is used to obtain preferentially oriented deposited films^[41,42,55] © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved; © 1993 American Institute of Physics; © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.